Oral ulcers, also known as canker sores or aphthous ulcers, are painful lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside the mouth. They can appear on the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, and lips, and can make eating, speaking, and drinking difficult.

What Are Oral Ulcers?
Oral ulcers are small, shallow sores that develop inside the mouth. They typically have a white or yellow center with a red border. These ulcers can vary in size and can be recurrent in some individuals. They are usually harmless but can cause significant discomfort.

What Are the Causes of Oral Ulcers?

• Trauma: Injury to the inside of the mouth, such as from biting your cheek, rough dental work, or ill-fitting dentures.
• Infections: Viral infections like the herpes simplex virus or bacterial infections.
• Stress: Emotional stress or anxiety is a common trigger for recurrent ulcers.
• Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin B12, folic acid, or iron.
• Hormonal Changes: Menstruation and pregnancy can increase the likelihood of oral ulcers.
• Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus or celiac disease can make you more prone to developing ulcers.
• Food Sensitivities: Acidic foods like citrus, spicy foods, or chocolate can irritate the mucous membranes and trigger ulcers.

What Are the Symptoms of Oral Ulcers?

• Painful sores or ulcers inside the mouth.
• Red or white/yellowish areas with a red border.
• Difficulty eating or drinking, particularly acidic or spicy foods.
• Swelling and tenderness around the affected area.
• In severe cases, fever or swollen lymph nodes.

How Are Oral Ulcers Diagnosed?
Oral ulcers are typically diagnosed through a visual examination by a dentist or healthcare provider. In most cases, no further testing is needed. However, if the ulcers are recurrent or unusually large, additional tests may be performed to rule out underlying medical conditions.

How Can Oral Ulcers Be Managed?

1. Topical Treatments

   • Over-the-counter (OTC) gels or ointments, such as those containing benzocaine, can help numb the area and relieve pain.
   • Antiseptic mouthwashes or rinses can reduce the risk of secondary infections and promote healing.
   • Corticosteroid ointments or mouthwashes can reduce inflammation and pain.

2. Home Remedies

   • Saltwater Rinse: Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in warm water and rinse your mouth. This helps to cleanse the ulcer and reduce irritation.
   • Honey: Known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, honey can be applied directly to the ulcer for soothing relief.
   • Aloe Vera: Aloe vera gel can be applied to the ulcer to speed up the healing process.
   • Coconut Oil: Coconut oil can act as a soothing agent and promote healing.

3. Pain Relief

   • OTC pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help manage pain and discomfort associated with oral ulcers.
   • Ice cubes or cold drinks may help numb the area temporarily.

4. Dietary Modifications

   • Avoid acidic, spicy, or salty foods that can irritate the ulcer and cause more pain.
   • Stick to soft, bland foods to minimize discomfort while eating.

5. Addressing Underlying Causes

   • If a nutritional deficiency is identified, supplements may be recommended.
   • If stress is a trigger, stress management techniques such as yoga or meditation may help reduce the frequency of outbreaks.
   • Regular dental check-ups are essential to ensure proper oral hygiene and to detect any underlying dental issues that may contribute to the development of oral ulcers.

When Should I See a Dentist or Doctor?
You should consult a healthcare professional if:

• The ulcer is unusually large, lasts for more than two weeks, or keeps recurring.
• You experience severe pain or difficulty swallowing.
• There is swelling or fever along with the ulcer.
• The ulcers are accompanied by other symptoms, such as skin rashes, joint pain, or changes in your overall health.

What Are the Complications of Oral Ulcers?
While most oral ulcers heal without complications, in some cases, they can:

• Become infected if bacteria enter the open sore.
• Cause chronic pain or discomfort, leading to difficulty eating or speaking.
• Lead to scarring or changes in the soft tissues of the mouth if not treated properly.

How Can I Prevent Oral Ulcers?
Preventing oral ulcers may not always be possible, but there are steps you can take to reduce the risk:

• Practice good oral hygiene, including brushing your teeth twice a day and using dental floss regularly.
• Avoid known triggers such as certain foods or stress.
• Ensure you are getting enough vitamins and minerals through a balanced diet.
• Use a soft toothbrush to avoid irritating the mouth.
• Avoid mouth trauma by being careful with eating or using dental products.

What Are the Types of Oral Ulcers?

• Minor Ulcers: Small, shallow ulcers that typically heal within 1-2 weeks.
• Major Ulcers: Larger, deeper ulcers that can take 2-6 weeks to heal and may leave scars.
• Herpetiform Ulcers: Small, grouped ulcers that may appear in clusters. They are often recurrent and can be triggered by stress or infections.